Electronic celestial navigation means

ABSTRACT

An automatic navigation and guidance system for use in moving vehicles such as air or sea craft, and more particularly a navigation system utilizing a single automatic star or satellite tracker through which a continuous indication of the longitude and latitude of the moving vehicle may be provided to an automatic guidance system, automatic star selection being provided, the described celestial navigation device providing continuous, accurate monitoring of a further inertial navigation device during normal operation, the further inertial navigation device providing continuous navigation and orientation during interruptions of the celestial navigation device.

MEANS [76] Inventor: Richard A. Reister, Box llO-O.W.S.

Rd., Yucca Valley, Calif. 92284 [22] Filed: Apr. 1, 1969 [21] Appl. No.: 827,082

[52] 0.8. CI. 33/320, 33/226 Z, 33/222 B,

244/77 R, 250/203 R, 235/l50.26, 235/150.27

[51] Int. Cl G01c 21/00 [58] Field of Search 33/61 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,513,367 4/1950 Scott 250/203 2,966,823 1/1961 Trimble 250/203 Phase Sensitive Am Iifier Compuler G rosyn Campus! 5 se l-#1516 sa 2m 397695710 5 ulutvu umauv. I l l Reister m I4s1 Nov. 6, 1973 1' ELECTRONIC CELESTIAL NAVIGATION Primary Examiner-Robert B. Hull [57] ABSTRACT An automatic navigation and guidance system for use in moving vehicles such as air or sea craft, and more particularly a navigation system utilizing a single automatic star or satellite tracker through which a continuous indication of the longitude and latitude of the moving vehicle may be provided to an automatic guidance system, automatic star selection being provided, the described celestial navigation device providing continuous, accurate monitoring of a further inertial navigation device during normal operation, the further inertial navigation device providing continuous navigation and orientation during interruptions of the celestial navigation device.

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592 R. A. Reister ELECTRONIC CELESTIAL NAVIGATION MEANS The specification and drawings of the present invention are a continuation of the earlier application Ser. No. 547,101, now abandoned, application Ser. No. 547,101 being a continuation-in-part of the earlier application Ser. No. 56,624 upon which US. Pat. No. 3,249,326 issued May 3, 1966.

In navigation systems requiring two stars simultaneously for navigation, the stars should be at a minimum of 45 apart in order to achieve sufficientagcu; racy, and since maximum accuracy is achieved when the star is at the zenith of the observer, automatic navigation systems requiring two stars simultaneously for navigation may require as many as one hundred stars on a single journey, whereas the present invention requires as few as twelve stars for navigation over the entire surface of the Earth. Also the present invention can conveniently utilize an astrodome which is flush with the outersurface of the craft rather than protruding into the airstream, since stars can be selected for navigation which are relatively near the craft's zenith, whereas a navigation system requiring two stars simultaneously for navigation could not conveniently use such a flush astrodome due to the resulting restricted range of vision. A flush astrodome would be of practical value in a high speed aircraft or missile where protrusion of the astrodome in the airstream might create undesirable heating effects.

Briefly, the navigation system of the present invention is comprized primarily ofa double gimbal mounted star follower rotatable about a vertical axis in the craft and a similarly double gimbal mounted magnetic seeking element rotatable-about a vertical axis in the craft, the magnetic seeking element capable of aligning itself to the inclination of the Earths magnetic field in a North-South and East-West direction. A first gimbal system in the star follower serves as a vertical reference from which a second gimbal system in the star follower may align the star tracker with its selected star. A first gimbal system in the magnetic seeking element similarly serves as-a vertical reference from which a second gimbal system in the magnetic seeking element may align the magnetic seeking element with the inclination of the Earths magnetic field at the crafts position. When the first gimbal system of the star follower is properly oriented with respect to True North and a true vertical, the angular position of the second gimbal system of the star follower indicates the latitude and longitude of the craft when properly differentiated with respect to Greenwich Meridain Time. The first gimbal system of the magnetic seeking element is also properly oriented with respect to True North and a true vertical, the angular position of the second gimbal system of the magnetic seeking element providing a measurement of the inclination of the Earths magnetic field in a North- South and East-West direction at the crafts position. A computer with a memory element is provided with known values of deviation of the Earths magnetic field from a true vertical in a North-South and East-West direction as a function of longitude and latitude and also deviation of Magnetic North from True North as a function of longitude and latitude, a gyrosyn compass providing the computer with the direction of Magnetic North within the craft. When the automatic star follower is aligned with a selected star at the craft's position, when the computer is provided with a measurement of inclination of the Earths magnetic field in a North-South and East-West direction as determined by the magnetic seeking element within the craft, and when the star follower provides the computer with the indicated longitude and latitude of the crafts position, the computer is then capable of properly orienting the first gimbal system of the star follower and magnetic seeking element with respect to True North and a true vertical, the second gimbal system of the star follower then indicating the crafts latitude and longitude when properly differentiated with respect to Greenwich Meridian Time.

Due to the nature of gyro-stabilized elements in the system, rolling, pitching, or yawing of the guided craft would have a negligible effect in creating spurious reactions in the system or errors in indicated position. Also, since the Earth's gravity is unnecessary as a vertical reference and the systems accuracy is completely unaffected by accelerations of any kind, the present invention could be utilized for the automatic guidance of high speed aircraft or missiles and even aircraft or missilies leaving and re-entering the Earths atmosphere.

Electrical contact means are provided in the navigation system which activate solenoids when the star follower reaches a point approaching the limit of navigation for its selected star, the solenoids operating switching means to automatically orient the star follower with the next star selected for navigation.

Further automatic star selection means are provided differentially rotating a star selection disc in accordance with the Earths rotation and the crafts longitude on Earth such that the rotation of the star selection disc is synchronized with the longitudinal movement of the craft with respect to selected stars or celestial bodies. Electrical contact means responsive to rotation of the star selection disc connect appropriate fixed resistances into a servo system appropriately adjusting switching means to automatically transfer navigation to a proper star whenever a previous star approaches the limit for practical navigation. A longitude selection disc rotating in accordance with the crafts longitude, a latitude selection disc rotating in accordance with the crafts latitude, and relay means responsive to the rotation of the longitude and latitude selection discs further select appropriate electrical contact means of the described star selection disc such that rotation of the star selection disc connects appropriate fixed resistors into the stated servo system adjusting the stated switching means resulting in automatic transfer of navigation to a proper star in accordance with the Earths rotation and the crafts geographical location on Earth.

Due to the nature of the star tracker providing a special gimbal ring for adjustment to the declination of a selected star in order to maintain the longitude indicating axis of the star tracker parallel to the Earths axis of rotation, the position of the star tracker provides a direct indication of latitude which is never uncoupled from the star tracker during transfer of navigation to a different star, however indication oflongitude provided by the star tracker must be uncoupled from the star tracker during transfer of navigation to a different star, other navigation means maintaining a continuous indication of longitude and latitude during such periods. Therefore relay means are provided such that the servo system providing for reorientation of the star tracker to a different star also provides for electrical computation of longitude from the star trackers position after transer of navigation to a different star has been accomplished. Further relay means also provide for instantaneous mechanical determination of longitude from the star trackers position, the described star tracker reorienting servo system further serving to operate the further relay means to electrically correct the mechanically determined longitude whenever an error occurs in the instantaneous mechanical determination of longitude as a result of transfer of navigation to a different star.

The described navigation system also provides for navigation from any one of a series of artificial satellites orbiting at fixed intervals in the Equatorial plane of the Earth either at a constant or varying position in longitude with respect to the Earths rotation, the described artificial satellite providing radio signals from which the tracking element of the navigation system may track the artificial satellite to provide all weather navigation. More than one series of such satellites may also be provided, means being provided to automatically transfer navigation from one series to another whenever the signal from a satellite in the previous series is interrupted.

Submarines utilizing the navigation system of the present invention to track the described artificial satellites would thus be capable of continuous navigation without ever surfacing, since measurement of the Earth's magnetic field and tracking of the described artificial satellites could be accomplished under water.

Further means are described in the present invention enabling the navigation and guidance system to maintain continuous navigation and guidance of a submarine or orbiting space craft over an indefinite period of time or distance.

The previously described vertical reference properly oriented with respect to True North and a true vertical by the celestial navigation system provides an appropriate platform for the mounting of East-West and North- South accelerometers of an inertial navigation system. A conventional inertial navigation system with the described mounting platform for the accelerometers is therefore provided in conjunction with the described celestial navigation system, the celestial navigation system providing accurate monitoring of the inertial navigation system during normal operation of the celestial navigation system, and the inertial navigation system providing continuous navigation during automatic transfer of navigation to different stars or malfunctioning of the celestial navigation system. i

A unique planetary gear utilizing smooth surface discs or cylinders with a thin rubber coating as friction drive gears with a minimum number of very high precision teeth to maintain accurate orientation of the friction drive gears may be used to adjust the gimbals in the star follower and other positioning devices in the navigation and guidance systems, such a gear being intended to provide smooth operation with a minimum of backlash and vibration in the star follower and to achieve high positioning accuracy.

An automatic guidance system is employed in which a dead-reckoning computer is utilized to establish the crafts desired route, azimuth and speed selection means controlling the dead-reckoning computer. Wheatstone bridge circuits utilized to control the rudder and azimuth of the craft, similarly as in the azimuth control circuits of an auto-pilot, also directly differentiate between the longitude and latitude of the craft as determined by the navigation system and the desired longitude and latitude as determined by the deadreckoning computer, thus eliminating the need for differentiating means, a cosine multiplier, and coordinate transformer required in other guidance systems which convert the crafts longitude and latitude into rectangular coordinates parallel and perpendicular to the crafts route. Elimination of the cosine multiplier and coordinate transformer permits direct and instantaneous reaction of the guidance system to changes in longitude and latitude which, when coupled with means in the navigation system anticipating changes in longitude and latitude of the craft before the tracking element reorients to such changes, provides extremely rapid reaction of the navigation and guidance system.

The dead-reckoning computer thus maintains the craft on a desired route and an electrical switch is provided which either adjusts the speed of the deadreckoning computer to the actual ground speed of the craft or adjusts the speed of the craft to the selected speed of the dead-reckoning computer at the option of the pilot, an automatically adaptive electronic speed control being provided which makes very precise and accurate speed adjustments rather than an oscillating adjustment greater and less than the desired speed. A computer is also provided which determines the correct azimuth to maintain a great circle route to a selected destination, and the computer may automati cally adjust the azimuth control of the dead-reckoning computer to maintain such a great circle route at the option of the pilot. Means are also provided to automatically transmit the longitude and latitude values of a second selected destination to the azimuth computer when the craft reaches a first selected destination, thus enabling the craft to be automatically guided through a series of selected destinations.

Means are provided such that the dead-reckoning computer used for automatic guidance also properly orients the star follower temporarily in accordance with the crafts position as determined by the deadreckoning computer while automatic transfer of navigation to a different star is being accomplished or when tracking of the star selected for navigation is temporarily interrupted by clouds or other obstructions, any error in the crafts position during interruption of the stars tracking being automatically corrected when the star follower is again aligned with the selected star. When the automatic guidance system is turned off for manual operation of an aircraft, such as at take-offs or landings, provision is also made whereby the azimuth and speed selection dials of the dead-reckoning computer are automatically adjusted to the crafts azimuth and true air speed whenever tracking of the star selected for navigation is temporarily interrupted by clouds or other obstructions, such that the star follower is accordingly oriented with its selected star at all times.

A unique type of compact multiple turn linear variable resistor is utilized in the wheatstone bridge guidance circuits in which each revolution of a first linear variable resistor adjusts a second variable resistor in increments of resistance equal to the maximum resistance of the first resistor, the first and second resistor being connected in series to provide any desired degree of accuracy in the guidance system.

Provision is made for navigation and guidance of a craft leaving and re-entering the Earths atmosphere such that the normal wheatstone bridge guidance circuits are automatically converted to homing circuits prior to the crafts re-entrance into the Earth's atmosphere which merely home the craft on a selected distination, thus permitting the craft to skid considerable distances while maneuvering in the rarefied atmosphere without exceeding the limits of control of the guidance circuit. While the normal guidance circuits are converted to homing circuits, auxiliary positioning circuits are activated to maintain the longitude and latitude determined by the dead-reckoning computer identically equal to the longitude and latitude determined by the navigation system such that immediate conversion back to the normal guidance circuits can be achieved at any instant. When atmospheric density is sufiicient for the crafts control surfaces to maintain the position of the craft within the designed limits of tolerance of the control system, an atmospheric pressure operated switch automatically restores to guidance circuits from the homing circuit to the normal wheatstone bridge guidance circuits maintaining a straight line flight path to the selected destination.

Visual position indication means are provided which project the crafts position and route being maintained by the guidance system on any of a series of projected maps at the selection of the pilot. The azimuth selection dial of the dead-reckoning computer adjusts the projected route of the craft on the projected maps such that the pilot may merely adjust the azimuth selection dial until the projected route intersects a desired destination on the selected map to achieve automatic guidance to the selected destination of the azimuth computer isnt turned on to automatically determine the proper azimuth to a pre-set longitude and latitude.

Means are provided to conveniently set various functions into the automatic navigation and guidance system such as sidereal hour angle and declination of various stars to be used for navigation, longitude and latitude of selected destinations, desired speeds and altitudes at various stages of flight, etc., the values being conveniently set into the system or changed during flight at the push of a button. A series of push buttons establish and indicate digits of a desired quantity, a linear variable resistance connected into a positioning circuit being simultaneously adjusted by the push buttons to the desired quantity, a first and second selector switch being used to connect any desired function into the positioning circuit, whereupon the desired function is adjusted in accordance with the indicated quantity at the push of a button.

It is accordingly one of the objects of the present invention to provide a navigation system utilizing a single star and the Earth s magnetic field as a reference to determine a continuous indication of a crafts longitude and latitude, which is independent of the Earth's gravity and is unaffected by accelerations of any kind.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an accurate, economical craft guidance system which will automatically guide a craft to a pre-determined destination or on any ground route conveniently at the selection of the pilot.

A further object is to correct errors in the navigation system due to refraction of light in the Earth's atmosphere.

Another object is to provide an automatic star selector which automatically transfers navigation to a proper star in accordance with time and the crafts geographical location whenever a previous star approaches the limit for practical navigation.

A further object is to provide mechanical differentiation with respect to time of a selected stars hour angle to provide an instantaneous indication of longitude coupled with electronic differentiation to correct any errors in the described mechanical differentiation, the electronic differentiation means further serving to reorient the star tracker in sidereal hour angle upon transfer of navigation to a different star.

Another object is to provide inertial navigation means in conjunction with the celestial navigation means, the celestial navigation means normally accurately monitoring the inertial navigation means, the inertial navigation means maintaining continuous navigation during automatic transfer of navigation to a different star or during malfunctioning of the celestial navigaiton system.

A further object is to provide navigation from a series of artificial radio satellites orbiting at fixed intervals in the equatorial plane of the Earth either at a constant or varying position in longitude with respect to the Earth to provide all weather navigation.

Another object is to provide continuous automatic navigation and guidance for submarine or sea craft and artificial satellites over an indefinite period of time or distance.

A further object is to provide means for guiding the craft automatically through a series of destinations, and flight conditions such as speed, altitude, etc. which are pre-set into the control.

Another object is to provide at the selection of the pilot either automatic adjustment of the crafts throttle to maintain a desired ground speed or automatic adjustment of the guidance system to the actual ground speed of the craft at a constant throttle setting under all wind conditions.

A further object is to provide an electronic speed control for longitude and latitude motors in the deadreckoning computer which automatically corrects for wear in the motors, varying resistance in the motors brushes, varying loads on the motors, etc. so a selected ground route is accurately maintained without frequent repair or adjustment.

Another object is to provide a unique variable resistance providing a high degree of accuracy through multi-turn resolution.

A further object is to provide accurate, economical gearing for accurate transmission of shaft positions.

Another object is to provide automatic guidance of a craft leaving and re-entering the Earth's atmosphere.

A further object is to provide a series of maps of any scale which may be projected on a screen at the pilots selection.

Another object is to automatically project the crafts position and ground route at any time on any of the projected maps, thus permitting convenient rapid establishment of the crafts course to any selected position on the projected maps.

A further object is to provide means in the navigation system anticipating changes in longitude and latitude of the craft before the celestial tracking element reorients to such changes, and means in the guidance system providing direct and instantaneous reaction of the guidance system to such anticipated changes in longitude and latitude of the craft, thus providing extremely rapid response of the navigation and guidance system.

Other desirable features and advantages of the invention will appear more fully hereinafter from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings illustrating one form of the invention. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are utilized for purposes of illustration only and are not to be taken as a definition of the limits of the invention, reference being had for this purpose to the appended claims.

In the drawings, wherein similar reference characters refer to like parts throughout the several views:

FIG. 1 is a front view of the star tracking device.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a top view of the magnetic inclination seeking element which determines the inclination of the Earths magnetic field in a North-South and East-West direction within the craft.

FIG. 4 is a front view of the apparatus of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a view of gearing providing accurate transmission of shaft positions.

FIG. 6 is a three dimensional view and block diagram illustrating the fundamental principle of the navigation mechanism and the relationship of the principal navigation components.

FIG. 7 is a view of further details of the navigation and guidance system.

FIG. 8 is a view ofa portion of the circuit and mechanism which establishes a series of destinations and flight conditions.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of multi-pole, multiposition switch 195 in FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of the guidance circuit which automatically corrects the crafts heading to eliminate drift from a selected ground route and adjusts the crafts velocity to a desired ground speed.

FIG. 11 is a detail of relay #4 and #5 in FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is an illustration including circuits for correction of refraction of light by the Earths atmosphere, circuit for star tracking mechanism, circuit for automatic transfer of navigation to different stars, and electronic speed control circuits of longitude and latitude motors in dead-reckoning computer.

FIG. 13 is a view of a control panel.

FIG. 14 is a cross sectional view of azimuth selection dial 256 and its attached mechanisms.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of switch 320 in FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is another cross-sectional view of switch 320.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the mechanism in FIG. 14 illustrating various variable resistors adjusted by azimuth selection dial 256.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the mechanism in FIG. 14 illustrating various rotary relays operated by disc 311 upon adjustment of azimuth selection dial 256.

FIG. 19 is a back view of disc 31] in FIG. 14 which provides automatic adaptation of the guidance system to proper operation at any selected azimuth.

FIG. 20 is an illustration of the circuit controlling the attitude of the craft with respect to the Earths surface.

FIG. 21 is a back view of azimuth computer 46 illustrating connections to elements of the navigation and guidance system.

FIG. 22 is a detail illustrating connections of rotary relay 301 of FIG. 18 to one type of variable resistor.

FIG. 23 is an other detail illustrating connections of rotary relay 301 to another type variable resistor.

FIG. 24 is an illustration of circuits used to indicate a craft's position on a projected map.

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of variable resistors 346 and 347 providing high accuracy and rapid resolution.

FIG. 26 is another cross-sectional view of variable resistor 347.

FIG. 27 is a back view of the projection mechanism which indicates a crafts position and ground route on a projected map.

FIG. 28 is a front view of the mechanism of FIG. 27.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram illustrating the fundamental principle of the guidance mechanism and the relationship of the principal guidance components.

FIG. 30 is an illustration of a modification of the guidance circuit of FIG. 10.

FIG. 30' is a detail of relays #4 and #5 in FIG. 30.

FIG. 31 is an illustration of a computer for correction of errors due to refraction of light in the Earths atmosphere.

FIG. 32 is a detail providing for adjustment in longitude of a selected destination when the guided craft leaves the Earth's atmosphere.

FIG. 33 illustrates a modification of the guidance circuit of FIG. 30, providing proper guidance of a craft upon entering the Earths atmosphere.

FIG. 34 is a view of the interior of tracking telescope 5.

FIG. 35 is an illustration ofa modification of the variable resistors of FIG. 25.

FIG. 36 illustrates a control panel.

FIG. 37 illustrates the mechanism by which various data is inserted into the navigation and guidance system through the control panel of FIG. 36.

FIG 38 is a cross-sectional view of the mechanism of FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 illustrates modifications in the navigation system provided in the present invention over the navigation system illustrated in FIG. 6.

FIG. 40 is a more detailed schematic illustration of the automatic star selector illustrated in block form in FIG. 39.

FIG. 41 illustrates the use of conventional servo amplifiers for circuits 21- #22 of the dead-reckoning computer in FIG. 12.

The symbol is to be taken as a part of the reference character differentiating it from a reference numeral without that symbol.

While the description herein considers the instant invention as applied to the problem of automatic craft navigation and guidance, it is to be understood that the present invention also relates to the novel features or principles of the instrumentalities described herein, whether or not such are used for the stated objects, or in the stated fields or combinations.

Although the principles illustrated and described in the present invention in determining a true vertical and True North reference apply particularly to the disclosed navigation system, it is to be expressly understood that the principles would apply equally well to any navigation system capable of determining a geographical positon in longitude and latitude in which reference to a true vertical or True North completely unaffected by accelerations of any kind were either essential or desired. It is also to be expressly understood that one embodiment of apparatus responsive to signals from a star tracking element to align the tracking element with its selected star as disclosed in the present invention is for illustrative purposes only and that any apparatus responsive to signals from a tracking element to properly orient the tracking element with a selected celestial body could be utilized, as indicated in FIG. 6. The determination of continuous, instantaneous, exact geographical location, plus a precise true vertical and True North reference the accuracy of which is unaffected by acceleration of any kind is vitally important in the sighting of military equipment such as mobile artillery, tanks, mobile rocket launchers, and mobile ballistic missile launchers either at sea utilizing submarines or on land utilizing mobile equipment or in the air utilizing aircraft. The express purpose of this invention is to provide such information through reference to a single celestial body, so such information could be conveniently obtained as in the present invention during daylight hours by reference to the Sun or at any time by reference to a single satellite orbiting in the plane of the Earths equator at a constant position with respect to the Earth, the star tracking telescope being conveniently replaced by a single seeking antenna tracking radio signals emanating from the described satellite.

THE NAVIGATION SYSTEM The basic principle of the navigation system is illustrated in FIG. 6, where it is readily seen that the automatic star followerS is mounted in a double gimbal system supported by frame 1 rotatable about a first vertical axis 18 in the craft, a True-North seeking gyroscope 29 being gimbally attached to axis 18 to stabilize frame 1 with respect to True North. In the following, certain gimbal rings are also designated as gimbal platforms, as explained below. A first gimbal platform 2b has three degrees of rotational. freedom about three mutually perpendicular axes which permits orientation of said first gimbal platform 2b with respect to true north and a true vertical, first outer gimbal ring 2a being rotatably mounted about a second axis within supporting frame 1, the second axis being perpendicular to the first vertical supporting axis 18, a second gimbal ring 2b being rotatably mounted about a third axis within the first gimbal ring 2a, the third axis being perpendicular to the second axis, the plane of the second gimbal ring 2b being oriented perpendicular to a true vertical through the center of the Earth, and the third axis about which the second gimbal ring 2b rotates being aligned with True North. A second gimbal platform 8 with two degrees of rotational freedom about two mutually perpendicular axes is mounted within the first gimbal platform 2b to align the star follower 5 with a selected star, a third gimbal ring 6 being rotatably mounted about a fourth axis within the second gimbal ring 2b, the fourth axis being perpendicular to the third axis, a fourth gimbal ring 8 being rotatably mounted about a fifth axis within the third gimbal ring 6, the fifth axis being perpendicular to the fourth axis, and the star follower 5 being rotatably mounted about a sixth axis within the fourth gimbal ring 8, the sixth axis being perpendicular to the fifth axis and the optical axis of telescope 5 being perpendicular to the sixth axis. The angular position of star follower in rotation about the sixth axis 5 in the fourth gimbal ring 8 is adjusted to the declination of a selected star, the optical axis of star follower 5 being perpendicular to the plane of fourth gimbal ring 8 at declination. The angluar position of the star follower in rotation about the fourth and fifth axes (represented respectively by the third gimbal ring 6 and the fourth gimbal ring 8) is then adjusted by the star tracking apparatus to align the optical axis of the star follower 5 with a selected star.

Thus when the star follower 5 is aligned with its selected star and the second gimbal ring 2b is properly oriented with respect to a true vertical and True North as previously described, the fifth axis (about which the fourth gimbal ring 8 rotates) is aligned parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation, the angular position of the fourth gimbal ring 8 with respect to the third gimbal ring 6 then indicating hour angle of the selected star which when properly differentiated with Greenwich Meridian Time provides the longitude of the craft, and the angular position of the third gimbal ring 6 with respect to the second gimbal ring 2b indicating the latitude of the craft since the angle of the Earths axis of rotation (represented by the third gimbal ring 6) with respect to a true vertical through the center of the Earth (represented by the second gimbal ring 2b) indicates the latitude of the craft. For purposes of reference in the claims, gimbal ring 2b may be referred to as a first gimbal platform with three degrees of rotational freedom permitting orientation of said first gimbal platform with respect to true north and a true vertical, gimbal ring 8 may be referred to as a second gimbal platform having a first axis of adjustment (9a 9b) with respect to said first gimbal platform, said second gimbal platform having a second axis of adjustment (10a 1017) with respect to said first gimbal platform, a tracking element 5 being mounted to rotate on a third axis (11a 11b) on said second gimbal plaftorm.

A theoretical example will serve to illustrate alignment of the fifth axis (about which the fourth gimbal ring 8 rotates) parallel to the Earths axis of rotation. Assume the craft to be at 0 latitude at the Earth's equator, the declination of the star selected for navigation to be 0, and time such that the star selected for navigation is at the crafts zenith. Then it is readily seen that the fifth axis, about which the fourth gimbal ring 8 rotates, would be aligned parallel to the Earths axis of rotation under normal conditions of operation where the gimbal system was properly oriented with respect to a true vertical and True North as previously described. It is also readily seen that movement of the craft East or West parallel to the Earth's equator or North or South perpendicular to the Earths equator would not affect the alignment of the fifth axis with respect to the Earths axis of rotation such that the fifth axis (about which the fourth gimbal ring 8 rotates) would always remain parallel to the Earths axis of rotation as long as the star follower were aligned with the star selected for navigation and the gimbal system was properly oriented with respect to True North and a true vertical as previously described.

The magnetic seeking element for determining the inclination of the Earth's magnetic field in North-South and East-West direction within the craft is mounted in a double gimbal system supported by frame 33 rotatable about a further first vertical supporting axis within the craft, similarly as the star follower is mounted, as illustrated directly below the star follower in FIG. 6. (For purposes of reference the vertical supporting axis of the magnetic inclination seeking element will be referred to as the first axis of the magnetic inclination seeking element to distinguish it from the first vertical supporting axis 18 of the star follower, further similarly designated axes and gimbal rings in the magnetic inclination seeking element being similarly referred to.) In

the magnetic inclination seeking element, a first gimbal system with two degrees of rotational freedom about two mutually perpendicular axes provides a vertical reference platform, first outer gimbal ring 34a being rotatably mounted about a second axis within supporting frame 33, the second axis being perpendicular to the first vertical supporting axis of frame 33, a second gimbal ring 34b being rotatably mounted about a third axis within the first gimbal ring 34a, the third axis being perpendicular to the second axis, vertical seeking gyroscope 42 being attached to the second gimbal ring 34b in a suspended position below gimbal 34b as illustrated to stabilize the plane of the second gimbal ring 24b in a position perpendicular to a true vertical through the center of the Earth, and the third axis about which the second gimbal ring 3417 rotates being aligned with True North. A second gimbal system with two degrees of rotational freedom about two mutually perpendicular axes is mounted within the first gimbal system platform to align the magnetic seeking element 41 with the inclination of the magnetic lines of force of the Earth, a third gimbal ring 39 being rotatably mounted about a fourth axis within the second gimbal ring 34b, the fourth axis being perpendicular to the third axis, and gyroscope 42 being rotatably mounted about a fifth axis 40 within the third gimbal ring 39, the fifth axis 40 being perpendicular to the fourth axis, and the spin axis of gyroscope 41 being perpendicular to the fifth axis 40. The spin axis of gyroscope 41 is aligned parallel or tangent to the magnetic lines of force of the Earth by magnetic inclinometers 47 and 48, inclinometers 47 and 48 being mounted atop gyroscope 41 to respectively indicate the inclination of the Earths magnetic field in a North-South and East-West direction, photo; pickoff means 50 and 52 respectively creating signals responsive to the position of inclinometers 47 and 48 to torque gyroscope 41 until precession of gyroscope 41 aligns the spin axis of gyroscope 41 parallel or tangent to the lines of force of the Earths magnetic field. The angular position of the spin axis of gyroscope 41 with respect to the third gimbal ring 39 and the angular position of the third gimbal ring 39 with respect to the second gimbal ring 34b is then a measure of the deviation of the Earths magnetic field within the craft from the vertical reference of second gimbal ring 34b, the described deviation of the Earthmagnetic field in a North-South and East-West direction from the vertical reference of gimbal ring 34b being supplied to computer 55.

Computer 55 employs memory elements to store the known deviation of the Earth's magnetic field in a North-South and East-West plane with respect to a true vertical through the center of the Earth as a function of longitude and latitude, the known values being obtained from a device contructed in a manner identically similar to the magnetic seeking device illustrated in H0. 6. The known deviation of Magnetic North from True North as a function of longitude and latitude is also stored in memory elements of computer 55, gyrosyn compass 54 providing computer 55 with the direction of Magnetic North with respect to the craft at the crafts geograhical location. Thus when computer 55 is provided with the longitude and latitude of the craft as determined by the navigation device, computer 55 may determine the deviation of Magnetic North from True North at the crafts indicated position and correspondingly properly orient frame 1 of the star follower and frame 33 of the magnetic inclination seeking element with respect to True North as previously described, computer 55 overriding True North seeking gyroscope 29. True North seeking gyroscope 29 thus serves as an auxiliary True North reference in the event of failure of computer 55 in addition to providing gyro stabilization of frame 1. Computer 55 similarly determines the deviation of the Earthmagnetic field in a North-South and East-West direction with respect to a true vertical at the crafts indicated position and correspondingly properly orients the second gimbal ring 2b of the star follower with respect to a true vertical, the position of the second gimbal ring 34b of the magnetic inclination seeking element with respect to the craft serving as an intermediary reference from which computer 55 may properly orient the second gimbal ring 2b of the star follower in accordance with the difference between the observed deviation of the Earths magnetic field from a true vertical (as determined by the position of gimbal ring 34b with respect to the magnetic inclination seeking element) and the true deviation of the Earths magnetic field from a true vertical as determined by computer 55 at the crafts indicated position. Computer 55 may also override vertical seeking gyroscope 42 to adjust the second gimbal ring 34b of the magnetic inclination seeking element until the plane of gimbal ring 34b is perpendicular to a true vertical, the position of the second gimbal ring 2b of the star follower then being slaved to the position of the second gimbal ring 34b of the magnetic inclination seeking element, vertical see king gyroscope 42 serving as an auxiliary vertical reference in the event of failure of computer 55 in addition to providing gyro stabilization of the vertical reference. It may be noted that gyroscope 41 in the magnetic inclination seeking element gyro stabilizes the position of the magnetic inclinometers with respect to the Earth s magnetic field and in addition gyro stabilizes the direction of frame 33 with respect to True North at all geographical locations of the craft except directly over the magnetic poles of the Earth where the spin axis of gyroscope 41 would be aligned in a vertical position. Computer 55 and the torquer adjusting the direction of frame 33 about its vertical supporting axis would of course override this gyro stabilization effect to maintain frame 33 properly oriented with respect to True North, it being understood that the direction of frame 33 would be slaved to the direction of frame 1 in the star follower such that True North seeking gyroscope 29 would properly orient both frame 1 and frame 33 with respect to True North in the event of failure of computer 55.

A few theoretical examples will serve to illustrate the operation of computer 55 in properly orienting the gimbal systems with respect to a true vertical and True North.

I. Assume the craft to be at a longitude of West at some latitude within the United States where the known deviation of Magnetic North from True North is 5 East, the star selected for navigation being South of the crafts zenith. Then if the gimbal systems of the star follower and magnetic inclination seeking element are rotated clockwise from True North such that they ae oriented to a direction in the craft less than 5 West of Magnetic North (3 West for example), the longitude determined by the navigation device will be greater than 90 West, since the error in direction of the gimbal systems would cause the fourth gimbal ring 8 in the star follower to rotate in the same direction as if the craft had traveled West in order to maintain the star follower aligned with its selected star. Computer 55 would then determine the correct deviation of Magnetic North from True North to be greater than 5 West at the increased indicated longitude and would accordingly adjust the gimbal systems in a counter-clockwise direction to properly correct the error in direction of the gimbal systems. Similarly if the gimbal systems were rotated counter-clockwise from True North such that the gimbal systems were oriented to a direction greater than 5 West of Magnetic North (7 West for example) at the assumed position of the craft, the indicated longitude would be less than 90 West, computer 55 would determine the correct deviation of Magnetic North from True North to be less than 5 West at the descreased indicated longitude and would accordingly adjust the gimbal systems in a clockwise direction to properly correct the error in direction of the gimbal systems. Thus it is seen that computer 55 would adjust the direction of the gimbal systems until the deviation of the gimbal systems from Magnetic North equalled the deviation of Magnetic North from True North as determined by computer 55 at the indicated position of the craft, where the gimbal systems would be properly oriented with respect to True North. It is also seen that deviation of the gimbal systems from the null point at True North would result in a magnified correction signal from computer 55 due to the resulting error in indicated longitude, which would reduce the error in direction of the gimbal systems from the null point necessary to produce a corrective signal from computer 55, thus resulting in more precise orientation of the gimbal systems with respect to True North. Due to the gyro stabilization of the gimbal systems with respect to True North by True North seeking gyroscope 29, the rate of precession of True North seeking gyroscope 29 would be slower than the rate of adjustment of the fourth gimbal ring 8 with respect to the third gimbal ring 6 to maintain star follower 5 aligned with its elected star, therefore the 'error in indicated longitude would diminish to zero when the gimbal systems were properly oriented with respect to True North, and the magnified corrective signal from computer 55 would diminish to zero when the gimbal systems were properly oriented with respect to True North, thus preventing overshooting of the null point by computer 55 and preventing spurious corrections of the gimbal systems with respect to True North. Since frame 1 of the star follower is gyro stabilized in direction by True North seeking gyroscope 29, and frame 33 of the magnetic inclination seeking element is gyro stabilized in direction by gyroscope 41 as previously described, the direction of frame 33 being slaved to the direction of frame 1, there would always be a negligible error between the direction of frame 33 and frame 1, and any error which occurred in the direction of frame 33 would have a negligible effect in creating errors in the inclination of the Earth's magnetic field as determined by the magnetic inclination seeking element.

II. Assume the craft to be at a longitude of 80 West at some latitude in the United States where the known deviation of Magnetic North from True North is 5 West. Then if the gimbal systems are rotated clockwise from True North such that they are oriented to a direction in the craft greater than 5 East of Magnetic North (7 East for example), the fourth gimbal ring 8 in the star follower will again be rotated in a direction as if the craft had moved West, causing an increase in indicated longitude. Computer 55 would then determine the correct deviation of Magnetic North from True North to be less than 5 West at the increased indicated longitude and would accordingly adjust the gimbal systems in a counter-clockwise direction to properly correct the error in direction of the gimbal systems. Rotation of the gimbal systems counter-clockwise from True North under the stated conditions would similarly result in a proper clockwise correction of the gimbal systems to True North. Thus it is seen that computer 55 properly orients the gimbal systems to True North regardless of whether the deviation of Magnetic North is East or West of True North as indicated in Examples I and II.

III. Assume an aircraft to be at a latitude of 35 North and flying West at some position in the United States. Assume the craft rolled violently counter-clockwise so suddenly and quickly that the second gimbal ring 2b in the star follower was temporarily displaced counterclockwise from a true vertical in a North-South plane. (Such a supposition is unlikely since the reaction time and speed of operation of the mechanism adjusting gimbal ring 2b would most likely be sufficient to cope with any situation so that such errors would be negligible.) It is plausible to assume that the rate of adjustment of the third gimbal ring 6 with respect to the second gimbal ring 2b in the star follower to maintain orientation of the star follower 5 with its selected star would be approximately equal to or slightly greater than the rate of adjustment of the first gimbal ring 20 with respect to frame 1. Thus any sudden error which occurred in the position of gimbal rings 2b and 2a would be half way corrected by the time star follower 5 was realigned with its selected star, at which point the position of gimbal ring 2a with respect to frame 1 and the position of gimbal ring 6 with respect to gimbal ring 2b would be adjusted to their correct positions at equal speed in maintaining star follower 5 aligned with its selected star, therefore the error in indicated latitude would be negligible at the time gimbal ring 2b were properly oriented with respect to a true vertical, and the maximum error in indicated latitude would be approximately one half the maximum deviation of gimbal ring 2b from a true vertical. In the stated deviation of gimbal ring 2b from a true vertical, gimbal ring 2b would be in a position as if the deviation of the earth's magnetic field in a North-South direction from a true vertical were less than that which actually occurred at the crafts true position. The error in position of gimbal ring 6 with respect to gimbal ring 2b would produce a decrease in indicated latitude, since gimbal ring 6 would be initially rotated with respect to gimbal ring 2b in a direction as if the craft had moved South in order to maintian star follower 5 aligned with its selected star. Computer 55 would then determine that the deviation of the Earths magnetic field in a North-South direction from a true vertical was greater at the descreased indicated latitude than that which actually occurred at the craft's true position (since the Earths magnetic field rotates in a counter-clockwise direction in a North- South plane with Southern movement), and computer 55 would consequently properly adjust gimbal ring 2b clockwise in a North-South plane to correct the error. It is also seen that deviation of gimbal ring 2b from a true vertical in a North-South plane would result in a magnified corrective signal from computer 55 due to 

1. A celestial navigation means comprising a first platform, means to mount said first platform with three degrees of rotational freedom in a craft permitting orientation of said first platform with respect to true north and a true vertical, means to properly orient said first platform with respect to a true vertical, a second platform mounted on said first platform, said second platform having a first axis of adjustment with respect to said first platform, said second platform having a second axis of adjustment at right angles to said first axis of adjustment, a tracking element, said tracking element mounted to rotate on a third axis of said second platform, said third axis being at right angles to said second axis, a principal axis of said tracking element being at right angles to said third axis, means to adjust said principal axis of said tracking element in rotation about said third axis in accordance with the declination of a celestial body, tracking means responsive to said tracking element to rotate said tracking element about said first and second axes to properly align said principal axis of said tracking element with respect to said celestial body, means to properly orient said first platform with respect to true north such that said second axis is parallel to the Earth''s axis of rotation when said principal axis of said tracking element is properly aligned with respect to said celestial body, means responsive to the angle of rotation of said tracking element about said second axis to indicate longitude of said tracking element, means responsive to the angle of rotation of said tracking element about said first axis to indicate latitude of said tracking element.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 including, first servo positioning means, second servo positioning means, multi-position switching means, means responsive to each position of said multi-position switching means to properly compensate said first and second servo positioning means in accordance respectively with the sidereal hour angle and declination of an individual celestial body, means responsive to said first servo positioning means to properly adjust said tracking element in rotation about said second axis in accordance with the sidereal hour angle of a celestial body selected by said multi-position switching means, means responsive to said second servo positioning means to properly adjust said tracking element in rotation about said third axis in accordance with the declination of a celestial body selected by said multi-position switching means, means to appropriately readjust said multi-position switching means whenever a previously selected celestial body approaches the limit for practical navigation, said first and second servo positioning means responsive to the geographical location of said tracking element and said readjustment of said multi-position switching means to properly reorient said tracking element with a celestial body selected by said multi-position switching means.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherEin all the adjusting axes of said first and second platforms coincide at a common intersection point to prevent lateral translation of said common intersection point with respect to said craft upon adjustment of any of said axes.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 including, a true north seeking gyroscope, means to mount said true north seeking gyroscope with three degrees of rotational freedom permitting orientation of said true north seeking gyroscope with respect to true north and a true vertical, means coupling said true north seeking gyroscope to said first platform, means to properly orient said true north seeking gyroscope with respect to a true vertical when said first platform is properly oriented with respect to true north, deviation of said first platform from true north resulting in deviation of said true north seeking gyroscope from a true vertical, torquing means responsive to deviation of said true north seeking gyroscope from a true vertical properly orienting said first platform with respect to true north, said true north seeking gyroscope providing proper azimuth stabilization of said first platform with respect to true north.
 5. The navigation means of claim 1 including, true north computing means to determine the known deviation of magnetic north from true north as a function of geographical location, and means to provide said true north computing means with the true direction of magnetic north at the true geographical location of said navigation means, said true north computing means responsive to the determined geographical location of said navigation means to determine true north, said means to properly orient said first platform with respect to true north being responsive to said true north computing means.
 6. The navigation means of claim 1 including, true vertical computing means to determine the known deviation of the Earth''s magnetic field from a true vertical as a function of geographical location, and means to provide said true vertical computing means with the true inclination of the Earth''s magnetic field at the true geographical location of said navigation means, said true vertical computing means responsive to the determined geographical location of said navigation means to determine a true vertical, said means to properly orient said first platform with respect to a true vertical being responsive to said true vertical computing means.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 including, gyroscopic means, means to mount said gyroscopic means with three degrees of rotational freedom with respect to said craft permitting orientation of said gyroscopic means with respect to true north and a true vertical, means to stably orient said gyroscopic means with respect to true north in conformity with said first platform, means to stably orient said gyroscopic means with respect to a true vertical, means responsive to said gyroscopic means to provide stabilized orientation of said first platform with respect to a true vertical, said gyroscopic means providing a stabilized true north and true vertical reference.
 8. The celestial navigation means of claim 1 including, a third platform, means to mount said third platform in said craft permitting orientation of said third platform with respect to true north and a true vertical independently of the attitude of said craft, means to maintain said third platform stably oriented with respect to true north and a true vertical, first and second accelerometer means mounted on said third platform, said first and second accelerometer means responsive to accelerations of said craft respectively in the north-south and east-west direction, inertial navigation means responsive to said accelerometer means to determine longitude and latitude, means responsive to said celestial navigation means to provide accurate monitoring of said inertial navigation means during normal operation of said celestial navigation means, malfunction detection means to determine malfunctioning of said celestial navigation means, said inertial naVigation means responsive to said malfunction detection means to maintain continuous accurate navigation during malfunctioning of said celestial navigation means.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8 including, means responsive to said inertial navigation means to maintain a true north and a true vertical reference, said inertial navigation means responsive to said malfunction detection means during malfunctioning of said celestial navigation means to maintain proper orientation of components normally oriented by said celestial navigation means.
 10. Celestial tracking means, means to mount said celestial tracking means in a craft permitting tracking of selected celestial bodies by said celestial tracking means, celestial navigation means responsive to said celestial tracking means to determine geographical location of said craft, celestial multi-position switching means, celestial servo positioning means, means responsive to said celestial servo positioning means to properly orient said celestial tracking means with respect to celestial bodies selected by said celestial multi-position switching means, and means to appropriately readjust said celestial multi-position switching means whenever selected celestial bodies reach the practical limit for navigation, said celestial servo positioning means being responsive to said craft''s determined geographical location and said adjustment of said celestial multi-position switching means to properly reorient said celestial tracking means with respect to celestial bodies selected by said celestial multi-position switching means.
 11. The device of claim 10 including, malfunction detection means, said malfunction detection means disconnecting said celestial navigation means during malfunctioning of said celestial navigation means, further navigation means independent of said celestial navigation means and responsive during malfunctioning thereof to said malfunction detection means to determine the geographical location of said craft and to maintain proper orientation of components normally oriented by said celestial navigation means.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10 including, chronometer means responsive to the rate of rotation of the Earth with respect to celestial bodies tracked by said celestial tracking means, said celestial servo positioning means responsive to said chronometer means and said celestial tracking means to accurately determine the geographical location of said craft when said celestial servo positioning means is not operating to transfer navigation to other celestial bodies.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12 including, differential means, said differential means responsive to said chronometer means and said celestial tracking means to provide instantaneous determination of said craft''s geographical location, means responsive to said celestial servo positioning means to accurately correct the geographical location determined by said differential means when the geographical location determined by said celestial servo positioning means is not in agreement with the geographical location determined by said differential means.
 14. The apparatus of claim 10 including, a celestial selection element, differential means responsive to the longitude of said craft and the Earth''s longitudinal rotation with respect to selected celestial bodies, said differential means adjusting said celestial selection element in accordance with the hour angle of said selected celestial bodies with respect to said celestial tracking means, means responsive to said celestial selection element to appropriately readjust said celestial multi-position switching means whenever selected celestial bodies reach the practical limit for navigation.
 15. The navigation apparatus of claim 10 including in combination, a chart remote therefrom, position indicating means to indicate geographical position on said chart, means responsive to said navigation apparatus to adjust said position indicating means to indicate the geographicaL position of said craft on said chart.
 16. The navigation apparatus of claim 10 including in combination, a chart in rectangular coordinates remote therefrom, position indicating means to indicate geographical position on said chart, longitude servo positioning means, latitude servo positioning means, said longitude servo positioning means responsive to said navigation apparatus to adjust said position indicating means to indicate the longitude of said craft on said chart, said latitude servo positioning means responsive to said navigation apparatus to adjust said position indicating means to indicate the latitude of said craft on said chart, scale selection means to properly compensate said longitude and latitude servo positioning means, calibration means to properly compensate said longitude and latitude servo positioning means, said longitude and latitude servo positioning means responsive to said scale selection and calibration means to adjust said position indicating means to properly indicate the geographical position of said craft on a chart of any selected scale.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16 including, a series of charts in rectangular coordinates, chart selection means, means responsive to said chart selection means to properly position any of said series of charts for selected viewing, a series of scale selection means pre-adjustable to properly compensate said longitude and latitude servo positioning means for each chart of said series of charts, a series of calibration means pre-adjustable to properly compensate said longitude and latitude servo positioning means for each chart of said series of charts, means responsive to said chart selection means to properly compensate said longitude and latitude servo positioning means with the appropriate said scale selection and calibration means for each chart selected by said chart selection means, said longitude and latitude servo positioning means responsive to said navigation apparatus and said chart selection means to adjust said position indicating means to properly indicate the geographical position of said craft on any chart selected by said chart selection means.
 18. A tracking element, means to mount said tracking element with two degrees of rotational freedom in a craft permitting orientation of said tracking element with respect to a celestial body, tracking means responsive to the angular position of said tracking element to properly orient said tracking element with respect to a celestial body, means responsive to the angular position of said tracking element to determine the geographical location of said craft, first servo positioning means, second servo positioning means, first multi-position switching means, means responsive to each position of said first multi-position switching means to properly compensate said first and second servo positioning means in accordance with an individual celestial body, means responsive to said first and second servo positioning means to properly orient said tracking element with a celestial body selected by said first multi-position switching means, means to appropriately readjust said first multi-position switching means whenever a previously selected celestial body approaches the limit for practical navigation, said first and second servo positioning means responsive to the craft''s geographical location and said adjustment of said first multi-position switching means to properly reorient said tracking element with a celestial body selected by said first multi-position switching means.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18 including, first relay means, operation of said first relay means responsive to readjustment of said first multi-position switching means, locking means responsive to readjustment of said first multi-position switching means and said first and second servo positioning means to lock said first relay means in operation until said first and second servo positioning means have completed said proper reorientation of said tracking element with respeCt to another celestial body selected by said readjustment of said first multi-position switching means, means responsive to said operation of said first relay means to disconnect said tracking means during reorientation of said tracking element to another celestial body.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19 including, longitude indicating means, chronometer means responsive to the rate of rotation of the Earth with respect to celestial bodies tracked by said tracking element, said first servo positioning means responsive to said first relay means and said chronometer means and the angular position of said tracking element to properly adjust said longitude indicating means to indicate longitude of said craft when said first relay means is not operating to transfer navigation to another celestial body, said first servo positioning means responsive to said first relay means to properly reorient said tracking element with respect to another celestial body selected by said first multi-position switching means upon readjustment of said first multi-position switching means.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20 including, first clutch means, second clutch means, second relay means, said second relay means responsive to said first servo positioning means to energize said first clutch means and de-energize said second clutch means when said first servo positioning means is at its null point, said second relay means responsive to said first servo positioning means to energize said second clutch means and de-energize said first clutch means when said first servo positioning means is not at its null point, differential means, said differential means responsive to said first clutch means and said chronometer means and the angular position of said tracking element to adjust said longitude indicating means to provide an instantaneous indication of longitude when said first servo positioning means is at its null point, said first servo positioning means responsive to said second clutch means and said chronometer means and the angular position of said tracking element to accurately correct said longitude indicating means when said first servo positioning means is not at its null point, means responsive to said first relay means disengaging said first and second clutch means during transfer of navigation to another celestial body.
 22. The apparatus of claim 20 including, refraction computing means to properly compensate said first and second servo positioning means for errors due to refraction of rays in the Earth''s atmosphere.
 23. The apparatus of claim 20 including, computing means to properly compensate said first and second servo positioning means for errors due to the proximity to Earth of the tracked celestial bodies.
 24. The apparatus of claim 18 including in combination, master servo positioning means, a series of adjustable parameter elements, parameter setting means to adjust said master servo positioning means to a desired numerical value, second multi-position selection means, activating means to provide activation of said master servo positioning means after proper adjustment of said parameter setting means and said second multi-position selection means, said master servo positioning means responsive to said parameter setting means and said second multi-position selection means to adjust a said adjustable parameter element selected by said second multi-position selection means to the numerical value indicated by said parameter setting means upon activation by said activating means, each position of said first multi-position switching means connecting appropriate said adjustable parameter elements respectively into said first and second servo positioning means, said first and second servo positioning means responsive to said craft''s geographical location and said connection of said adjustable parameter elements upon readjustment of said first multi-position switching means to properly reorient said tracking element with a celestial body selected by said first multi-position switchinG means.
 25. A tracking element, means to mount said tracking element with two degrees of rotational freedom permitting orientation of said tracking element with a celestial body, a first axis of said tracking element, a second axis of said tracking element, first motor means to adjust said tracking element in rotation about said first axis, second motor means to adjust said tracking element in rotation about said second axis, third motor means, fourth motor means, first synchronizing means, second synchronizing means, said first synchronizing means synchronizing said first motor means with said third motor means, said second synchronizing means synchronizing said second motor means with said fourth motor means, tracking means responsive to the orientation of said tracking element with a celestial body, said third and fourth motor means responsive to said tracking means to properly orient said tracking element with a celestial body, means responsive to said third and fourth motor means providing a rapid indication of geographical location sensing changes in geographical location before said tracking element is reoriented to changes in geographical location.
 26. A tracking element, means to mount said tracking element with two degrees of rotational freedom in a craft permitting orientation of said tracking element with respect to a celestial body, tracking means responsive to the angular position of said tracking element to properly orient said tracking element with respect to a celestial body, means responsive to the angular position of said tracking element to determine longitude and latitude, a celestial selection element, differential means responsive to the determined longitude of said craft and the Earth''s longitudinal rotation with respect to selected celestial bodies, said differential means adjusting said celestial selection element in accordance with the hour angle of selected celestial bodies with respect to said craft, servo positioning means, said servo positioning means responsive to said adjustment of said celestial selection element to transfer navigation by said tracking element to a proper celestial body in accordance with said adjustment of said celestial selection element whenever a previous selected celestial body reaches the limit for practical navigation.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26 including, first celestial activating means responsive to said adjustment of said celestial selection element at desired hour angles of selected celestial bodies, second celestial activating means responsive to said adjustment of said celestial selection element at desired hour angles of selected celestial bodies, further celestial activating means responsive to said adjustment of said celestial selection element at desired hour angles of selected celestial bodies, said servo positioning means responsive to said first celestial activating means to provide navigation by celestial bodies in a first direction from the zenith of said tracking element when said servo positioning means is activated by said first celestial activating means, said servo positioning means responsive to said second celestial activating means to provide navigation by celestial bodies in a second direction from the zenith of said tracking element when said servo positioning means is activated by said second celestial activating means, said servo positioning means responsive to said further celestial activating means to provide navigation by celestial bodies in a further direction from the zenith of said tracking element when said servo positioning means is activated by said further celestial activating means, means to provide activation of said servo positioning means by a desired said celestial activating means in accordance with the geographical location of said craft to provide navigation by celestial bodies in a desired direction from the zenith of said tracking element, said operation of said celestial selection element providing navigation by celestial bodies appropriate to time aNd the geographical location of said craft.
 28. The apparatus of claim 27 including, a latitude adjustable element, means responsive to the determined latitude of said craft to properly adjust said latitude adjustable element, latitude activating means responsive to said adjustment of said latitude adjustable element at desired ranges of latitude, means responsive to said latitude activating means to provide activation of said servo positioning means by appropriate said celestial activating means in accordance with the geographical location of said craft, said servo positioning means responsive to said celestial activating means to provide navigation by celestial bodies appropriate to time and the geographical location of said craft.
 29. The apparatus of claim 28 including, a longitude adjustable element, means responsive to the determined longitude of said craft to properly adjust said longitude adjustable element, longitude activating means responsive to said adjustment of said longitude adjustable element at desired ranges of longitude, means responsive to said longitude activating means and said latitude activating means to provide activation of said servo positioning means by appropriate said celestial activating means in accordance with the geographical location of said craft, said servo positioning means responsive to said celestial activating means to provide navigation by celestial bodies appropriate to time and the geographical location of said craft. 